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Molecules
Volume 29
Issue 9
10.3390/molecules29092075
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Open AccessArticle
by Elien Laforce SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Karlien Dejaeger SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Marjolein Vanoppen SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Emile Cornelissen SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Jeriffa De Clercq SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Pieter Vermeir SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar
Elien Laforce
, Karlien Dejaeger, Marjolein Vanoppen, Emile Cornelissen, Jeriffa De ClercqPieter Vermeir
1
Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
2
PaInT, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
3
Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
4
CNRS, UMR 8516—LASIRE—Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Intéractions la Réactivité et l’Environnement, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
5
KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
6
Laboratory for Chemical Analysis (LCA), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2075; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092075 (registeringDOI)
Submission received: 6 March 2024/Revised: 25 April 2024/Accepted: 27 April 2024/Published: 30 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry)
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography with total organic carbon detection (HPSEC-TOC) is a widely employed technique for characterizing aquatic natural organic matter (NOM) into high, medium, and low molecular weight fractions. This study validates the suitability of HPSEC-TOC for a simplified yet efficient routine analysis of freshwater and its application within drinking water treatment plants. The investigation highlights key procedural considerations for optimal results and shows the importance of sample preservation by refrigeration with a maximum storage duration of two weeks. Prior to analysis, the removal of inorganic carbon is essential, which is achieved without altering the NOM composition through sample acidification to pH 6 and subsequent N2-purging. The chromatographic separation employs a preparative TSK HW-50S column to achieve a limit of detection of 19.0 µgC dm−3 with an injection volume of 1350 mm−3. The method demonstrates linearity up to 10 000 µgC dm−3. Precision, trueness and recovery assessments are conducted using certified reference materials, model compounds, and real water samples. The relative measurement uncertainty in routine analysis ranges from 3.22% to 5.17%, while the measurement uncertainty on the bias is 8.73%. Overall, the HPSEC-TOC represents a reliable tool for NOM fractions analysis in both treated and untreated ground and surface water.
Keywords: chromatographic fractionation; method validation; precision; trueness; recovery; sample preservation
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MDPI and ACS Style
Laforce, E.; Dejaeger, K.; Vanoppen, M.; Cornelissen, E.; De Clercq, J.; Vermeir, P.Thorough Validation of Optimized Size Exclusion Chromatography-Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Natural Organic Matter in Fresh Waters. Molecules 2024, 29, 2075.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092075
AMA Style
Laforce E, Dejaeger K, Vanoppen M, Cornelissen E, De Clercq J, Vermeir P.Thorough Validation of Optimized Size Exclusion Chromatography-Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Natural Organic Matter in Fresh Waters. Molecules. 2024; 29(9):2075.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092075
Chicago/Turabian Style
Laforce, Elien, Karlien Dejaeger, Marjolein Vanoppen, Emile Cornelissen, Jeriffa De Clercq, and Pieter Vermeir.2024. "Thorough Validation of Optimized Size Exclusion Chromatography-Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Natural Organic Matter in Fresh Waters" Molecules 29, no. 9: 2075.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092075
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MDPI and ACS Style
Laforce, E.; Dejaeger, K.; Vanoppen, M.; Cornelissen, E.; De Clercq, J.; Vermeir, P.Thorough Validation of Optimized Size Exclusion Chromatography-Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Natural Organic Matter in Fresh Waters. Molecules 2024, 29, 2075.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092075
AMA Style
Laforce E, Dejaeger K, Vanoppen M, Cornelissen E, De Clercq J, Vermeir P.Thorough Validation of Optimized Size Exclusion Chromatography-Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Natural Organic Matter in Fresh Waters. Molecules. 2024; 29(9):2075.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092075
Chicago/Turabian Style
Laforce, Elien, Karlien Dejaeger, Marjolein Vanoppen, Emile Cornelissen, Jeriffa De Clercq, and Pieter Vermeir.2024. "Thorough Validation of Optimized Size Exclusion Chromatography-Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Natural Organic Matter in Fresh Waters" Molecules 29, no. 9: 2075.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092075
Molecules,EISSN 1420-3049,Published by MDPI
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